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Rust(actix) 和 Java(webflux) 性能对比

· 4 min read
Wayne
Wayne
Wayne

Rust(actix) 和 Java(webflux) 性能对比​

Rust​

Rust 看起来 非常小而美，在我看来 几个优点非常看好。

  • Cargo 包管理：设计简洁，上手难度低
  • Rust 基于 C++，这就带来了很强的性能，且 rust 语法中出现不安全的内存操作，则会直接编译不通过，这点就很让人安心。
  • 跨平台编译二进制文件（这个我非常在意，也是我之前为什么选择 Golang）

Web Benchmark​

Rust: https://actix.rs/
Java: https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/reference/web/webflux/new-framework.html
K6: https://k6.io/

VUs = 500​

Rust:

     data_received..................: 5.2 MB 29 kB/s
     data_sent......................: 2.8 MB 16 kB/s
     http_req_blocked...............: avg=266.24ms min=0s med=0s max=32.02s p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_connecting............: avg=266.24ms min=0s med=0s max=32.02s p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_duration..............: avg=309.86µs min=0s med=0s max=4.52s  p(90)=692.3µs p(95)=796.5µs
       { expected_response:true }...: avg=174.08µs min=0s med=0s max=1.71ms p(90)=692.3µs p(95)=796.36µs
     http_req_failed................: 0.01%  4 out of 33318
     http_req_receiving.............: avg=38.61µs  min=0s med=0s max=1.48ms p(90)=40.22µs p(95)=508.7µs
     http_req_sending...............: avg=4.33µs   min=0s med=0s max=1.02ms p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_tls_handshaking.......: avg=0s       min=0s med=0s max=0s     p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_waiting...............: avg=266.91µs min=0s med=0s max=4.52s  p(90)=586.6µs p(95)=719.6µs
     http_reqs......................: 33318  184.522672/s
     iteration_duration.............: avg=1.26s    min=1s med=1s max=33.02s p(90)=1s      p(95)=1s
     iterations.....................: 33318  184.522672/s
     vus............................: 3      min=3          max=499
     vus_max........................: 500    min=500        max=500


running (3m00.6s), 000/500 VUs, 33318 complete and 0 interrupted iterations
default ✓ [======================================] 000/500 VUs  3m0s

Java:

     data_received..................: 5.0 MB 28 kB/s
     data_sent......................: 3.6 MB 20 kB/s
     http_req_blocked...............: avg=12.31µs  min=0s med=0s      max=10.9ms   p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_connecting............: avg=9.79µs   min=0s med=0s      max=2.13ms   p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_duration..............: avg=528.32µs min=0s med=550.6µs max=158.21ms p(90)=1.1ms   p(95)=1.33ms
       { expected_response:true }...: avg=528.32µs min=0s med=550.6µs max=158.21ms p(90)=1.1ms   p(95)=1.33ms
     http_req_failed................: 0.00%  0 out of 42266
     http_req_receiving.............: avg=63.55µs  min=0s med=0s      max=1.49ms   p(90)=208.9µs p(95)=526µs
     http_req_sending...............: avg=5.71µs   min=0s med=0s      max=4.74ms   p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_tls_handshaking.......: avg=0s       min=0s med=0s      max=0s       p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_waiting...............: avg=459.05µs min=0s med=523.7µs max=158.21ms p(90)=1.01ms  p(95)=1.22ms
     http_reqs......................: 42266  234.328464/s
     iteration_duration.............: avg=1s       min=1s med=1s      max=1.16s    p(90)=1s      p(95)=1s
     iterations.....................: 42266  234.328464/s
     vus............................: 2      min=2          max=499
     vus_max........................: 500    min=500        max=500


running (3m00.4s), 000/500 VUs, 42266 complete and 0 interrupted iterations
default ✓ [======================================] 000/500 VUs  3m0s

VUs = 1500​

Rust

     data_received..................: 7.1 MB 117 kB/s
     data_sent......................: 3.9 MB 64 kB/s
     http_req_blocked...............: avg=36.9µs   min=0s med=0s       max=4ms     p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_connecting............: avg=34.73µs  min=0s med=0s       max=4ms     p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_duration..............: avg=374.98µs min=0s med=522.9µs  max=14.25ms p(90)=624.6µs p(95)=733.4µs
       { expected_response:true }...: avg=374.98µs min=0s med=522.9µs  max=14.25ms p(90)=624.6µs p(95)=733.4µs
     http_req_failed................: 0.00%  0 out of 45690
     http_req_receiving.............: avg=35.15µs  min=0s med=0s       max=1.99ms  p(90)=16.4µs  p(95)=508µs
     http_req_sending...............: avg=4.35µs   min=0s med=0s       max=1.76ms  p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_tls_handshaking.......: avg=0s       min=0s med=0s       max=0s      p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_waiting...............: avg=335.46µs min=0s med=516.35µs max=14.25ms p(90)=602.7µs p(95)=688.81µs
     http_reqs......................: 45690  749.430697/s
     iteration_duration.............: avg=1s       min=1s med=1s       max=1.01s   p(90)=1s      p(95)=1s
     iterations.....................: 45690  749.430697/s
     vus............................: 60     min=24         max=1498
     vus_max........................: 1500   min=1500       max=1500


running (1m01.0s), 0000/1500 VUs, 45690 complete and 0 interrupted iterations
default ✓ [======================================] 0000/1500 VUs  1m0s

Java:

     data_received..................: 5.4 MB 89 kB/s
     data_sent......................: 3.9 MB 64 kB/s
     http_req_blocked...............: avg=35.32µs  min=0s med=0s       max=6.03ms   p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_connecting............: avg=33.13µs  min=0s med=0s       max=6.03ms   p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_duration..............: avg=393.34µs min=0s med=518.59µs max=175.24ms p(90)=779.4µs p(95)=1.05ms
       { expected_response:true }...: avg=393.34µs min=0s med=518.59µs max=175.24ms p(90)=779.4µs p(95)=1.05ms
     http_req_failed................: 0.00%  0 out of 45691
     http_req_receiving.............: avg=40.46µs  min=0s med=0s       max=3.75ms   p(90)=29.1µs  p(95)=508.49µs
     http_req_sending...............: avg=3.83µs   min=0s med=0s       max=1.7ms    p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_tls_handshaking.......: avg=0s       min=0s med=0s       max=0s       p(90)=0s      p(95)=0s
     http_req_waiting...............: avg=349.04µs min=0s med=217.5µs  max=174.24ms p(90)=676.1µs p(95)=1ms
     http_reqs......................: 45691  749.01963/s
     iteration_duration.............: avg=1s       min=1s med=1s       max=1.17s    p(90)=1s      p(95)=1s
     iterations.....................: 45691  749.01963/s
     vus............................: 68     min=24         max=1498
     vus_max........................: 1500   min=1500       max=1500

Conclusion​

整体来看， Java 这边在Spring这个大框架下 只慢了一丢丢，大多都输在延迟上，但是也是有两大神器提供的加持，Java 23 和 Reactive, 所以只能说是没输。

而 Rust 这边，则是以微小领先取得了胜利，但是并没有拉开太大的差距。且第一轮对决出现了 4 个 failed（可能是测试条件问题）。

所以选择哪个语言和框架，区别应该在于场景下，比如想要更小的体积和更快的启动速度，那么 Rust 是最优选。

但是如果想要生态支持和更多开发者的协作，可能还得是 Java。

Pip 正在集成到 Linux repository 中

· 2 min read
Wayne
Wayne
Wayne

Pip 正在集成到 Linux repository 中​

现在 再使用 pip install 可能会 提示以下消息

error: externally-managed-environment

× This environment is externally managed
╰─> 
    The system-wide python installation should be maintained using the system
    package manager (apk) only.
    
    If the package in question is not packaged already (and hence installable via
    "apk add py3-somepackage"), please consider installing it inside a virtual
    environment, e.g.:
    
    python3 -m venv /path/to/venv
    . /path/to/venv/bin/activate
    pip install mypackage
    
    To exit the virtual environment, run:
    
    deactivate
    
    The virtual environment is not deleted, and can be re-entered by re-sourcing
    the activate file.
    
    To automatically manage virtual environments, consider using pipx (from the
    pipx package).

note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

你可能需要 将 pip install somepackage 替换为 apk add py3-somepackage (Alpine Linux).

其实这是一个好消息

  1. python 的包本身就是安装到系统的某个目录中，而不是安装到项目目录中。系统软件包接管 这很合理。
  2. 对于国内这样的糟糕的网络，镜像站则是必须的，对于 pip 来说，可以少设置一层 镜像或代理，而且多亏了这些镜像站，速度非常的快。